Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacognostic Standardization of Red Algae Gracilaria verrucosa Simplicia for Phytopharmaceutical Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31632/ijsblc.2026.v02i04.004Keywords:
Gracilaria verrucosa, Phytochemical Screening, Pharmacognostic Standardization, Phytopharmaceuticals, Red AlgaeAbstract
Indonesian coastal waters harbor abundant macroalgae resources, including the red algae Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, a species known to accumulate diverse secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical interest. This study was conducted to identify the secondary metabolite profile through phytochemical screening and to evaluate the quality of G. verrucosa simplicia in accordance with the specific and non-specific parameters of the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Fresh thalli (20,000 g) were collected from the coastal waters of Nongsa, Batam City, processed into simplicia, and extracted by Soxhletation using 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening covered alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols. Quality characterization encompassed organoleptic, microscopic, water- and ethanol-soluble extractive values, moisture content, loss on drying, ash content, heavy metal contamination (Cd, Pb, Hg, Sn, As) determined by ICP-MS, and microbial contamination (total plate count, coliforms, molds). The simplicia yield was 5.5% and the ethanolic extract yield was 4%. The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenols, whereas saponins were not detected. Water- and ethanol-soluble extractive values were 35% and 17%, respectively. Moisture content (13.3%) met the pharmacopoeial limit, while loss on drying and ash content reached 15% and 39%. Cadmium (0.55 mg/kg), lead (0.47 mg/kg), and arsenic (13.46 mg/kg) exceeded the regulatory thresholds, and microbial counts surpassed the standard except for molds. G. verrucosa from Nongsa shows promising bioactive potential, but post-harvest refinement, arsenic detoxification, and microbial control are required before its application as a phytopharmaceutical raw material.
References
Andiska, P. W., Susanto, A. B., & Pramesti, R. (2019). Results of Agar Content of Non-Alkali Extraction of Gracilaria sp. Grown in Different Environments. [Hasil kandungan agar ekstraksi non-alkali Gracilaria sp. yang tumbuh di lingkungan berbeda]. Journal of Marine Research, 8(4), 387-392. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v8i4.24860
Arianto, A., & Dalimunthe, A. (2022). Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Red Algae (Kappaphycus Alvarezii Doty): Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(2), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8871
Azzahra, F., Sari, I. S., & Ashari, D. N. (2022). Determination of Yield Value and Active Substance Content of Avocado Seed Extract (Persea americana) Based on Differences in Extraction Solvents [Penetapan nilai rendemen dan kandungan zat aktif ekstrak biji alpukat (Persea americana) berdasarkan perbedaan pelarut ekstraksi]. Jurnal Farmasi Higea, 14(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.52689/higea.v14i2.484
Banach, J. L., Koch, S. J., Hoffmans, Y., & van den Burg, S. W. (2022). Seaweed value chain stakeholder perspectives for food and environmental safety hazards. Foods, 11(10), 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101514
Bizzaro, G., Vatland, A. K., & Pampanin, D. M. (2022). The One-Health approach in seaweed food production. Environment International, 158, 106948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106948
BPOM RI. (2023). Safety and Quality Requirements for Natural Medicines [Persyaratan keamanan dan mutu obat alam] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, 11, 1–16. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/285065/peraturan-bpom-no-29-tahun-2023
Diharmi, A., Sari, N. I., & Putra, K. A. M. Y. (2020). Characteristics of Gisuke-ni Quality and Bound Water Gisuke-ni of Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.) [Karakteristik Mutu dan Air Terikat Gisuke-ni Ikan Kembung (Rastrelliger sp.)]. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 23(2), 320-332. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v23i2.31522
Evelyn, G. (2023). Molecular analysis and separation using thin-layer chromatography. Mass Spectrometry & Purification Techniques, 9, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.35248/2469-9861.23.9.215
Gajalakshmi, D., Shettu, N., & Murugesan, S. (2018). Phytochemical screening of marine red alga Botryocladia leptopoda (J. Agardh) Kylin. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, 6(2), 463-470. https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/book/Phytochemical%20screening-6020.pdf
Hakim, R. F., Idroes, R., Hanafiah, O. A., Ginting, B., Fakhrurrazi, F., Putra, N. I., & Maulidya, N. B. (2024). Ethanolic extract of Gracilaria spp. Attenuates the inflammatory stage of oral mucosa wound healing: An in vivo study. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 15(2), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_451_23
Hidayati, F., Darmanto, Y. S., & Romadhon, R. (2017). The effect of different concentrations extracts sargassum sp. and storage time of lipid oxidation at Catfish (Pangasius sp.) [Pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi ekstrak sargassum sp. Dan lama penyimpanan terhadap oksidasi lemak pada fillet ikan patin (pangasius sp)]. Saintek Perikanan: Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 12(2), 116-123. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.12.2.116-123
Hossain, M. S., Rahman, M. Z., Mozumder, S. N., & Rahman, J. (2024). Nutritional composition, fatty acids, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa seed grown in Bangladesh. Discover Food, 4(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-023-00069-1
Insani, A. N., Hafiludin, H., & Chandra, A. B. (2022). Utilization of Gracilaria sp. Extract from Pamekasan Waters as an Antioxidant [Pemanfaatan ekstrak Gracilaria sp. dari Perairan Pamekasan sebagai antioksidan] Juvenil: Jurnal Ilmiah Kelautan dan Perikanan, 3(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.21107/juvenil.v3i1.14783
Ismail, M., & Gögüs, F. (2023, October). The effect of drying on the physical and chemical properties of fruits. In International Topkapı Congress-II, Istanbul, 444-450.
Kim, J. S., Choi, C., & Lee, H. H. (2023). Changes in the biological activities of Gracilaria verrucosa extracted using different extraction solvents. Applied Sciences, 13(22), 12314. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212314
Kurniasari, K. D., Arsianti, A., Aziza, Y. A. N., Mandasari, B. K. D., Masita, R., Zulfa, F. R., ... & Putrianingsih, R. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa against colorectal HCT-116 cells. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 34(3), 1257. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340308
Løvdal, T., Lunestad, B. T., Myrmel, M., Rosnes, J. T., & Skipnes, D. (2021). Microbiological food safety of seaweeds. Foods, 10(11), 2719. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112719
Momuat, T. I., Rompas, R. M., Pontoh, J., Sanger, G., Mantiri, D. M., Posangi, J., & Kepei, R. C. (2024). Antioxidant and antibacterial compounds of Gracilaria salicornia from the coastal waters of Nain Island, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 17(3), 885-896. https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2024.885-896.pdf
Möwes, M., Kandanda, G. K., Nangolo, L. N., Shafodino, F. S., & Mwapagha, L. M. (2025). Qualitative phytochemical profiling, and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Psidium guajava (Guava). PLOS One, 20(4), e0321190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321190
Mubarak, Z., Humaira, A., Gani, B. A., & Muchlisin, Z. A. (2018). Preliminary study on the inhibitory effect of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa extract on biofilm formation of Candida albicans cultured from the saliva of a smoker. F1000Research, 7, 684. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14879.1
Nasional, B. S. (2015). Rumput laut kering. SNI, 2690, 2015. https://www.globalseaweed.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/SNI_2690_Tahun_2015_Dry_seaweed.pdf
Nasional, B. S. (2018). SNI 8664: 2018. Madu. Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta. https://www.scribd.com/document/679055105/SNI-8664-2018-madu
Ndahawali, S., Tarigan, N., Tega, Y. R., Henggu, K. U., & Meiyasa, F. (2021). Phytochemical content analysis of several types of macroalgae from londalima coastal waters, East Sumba Regency [Analisis kandungan fitokimia beberapa jenis makroalga dari perairan pantai Londalima Kabupaten Sumba Timur]. Jambura Fish Processing Journal, 3(2), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.37905/jfpj.v3i2.10234
Nittya, A. R., & Hafiludin, H. (2025). Total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of gracilaria sp. by column chromatography separation results [Total flavonoid dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol Gracilaria sp. hasil pemisahan kromatografi kolom]. Journal of Marine Research, 14(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v14i1.46338
Numberi, A. M., Dewipratiwi, R., & Gunawan, E. (2020). Physical Stability Test of Gel Mask Preparation from Red Algae Extract (Poryphyra sp) [Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Masker Gel dari Ekstrak Alga Merah (Poryphyra sp) Majalah Farmasetika, 5(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v5i1.24066
Pagels, F., Guedes, A. C., Amaro, H. M., Kijjoa, A., & Vasconcelos, V. (2019). Phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria: Chemistry and biotechnological applications. Biotechnology advances, 37(3), 422-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010
Pambudi, D. R., Susiani, E. F., Sari, R. H., Rahmah, N., & Torizellia, C. (2023). Comparison of the results of determination of specific and non-specific parameters between simplisia and methanol extract of puruni ratus (Eleocharis Dulcis) [Perbandingan Hasil Penetapan Parameter Spesifik Dan Non-Spesifik Antara Simplisia Terhadap Ekstrak Metanol Purun Tikus (Eleocharis Dulcis)] Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia, 6(1), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.36387/jifi.v6i1.1372
Pertiwi, R. M., Nurilmala, M., & Nurhayati, T. (2025). Characteristics of the red village fish as a collagen raw material. [Karakteristik Sisik Ikan Nila Merah Sebagai Bahan Baku Kolagen]. Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal/Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 28(6), 546. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v28i6.50129
Pradana, F., Apriadi, T., & Suryanti, A. (2020). Composition and Distribution Pattern of Macroalgae in the Waters of Mantang Baru Village, Bintan Regency, Riau Islands [Komposisi dan pola sebaran makroalga di Perairan Desa Mantang Baru, Kabupaten Bintan, Kepulauan Riau]. Biospecies, 13(2), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.22437/biospecies.v13i2.8513
Purwaningsih, S., & Deskawati, E. (2021). Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Gracilaria sp. Seaweed from Banten [Karakteristik dan aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Gracilaria sp. asal Banten]. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 23(3), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v23i3.32808
Reboleira, J., Ganhão, R., Mendes, S., Adão, P., Andrade, M., Vilarinho, F., ... & Bernardino, S. (2020). Optimization of extraction conditions for Gracilaria gracilis extracts and their antioxidative stability as part of microfiber food coating additives. Molecules, 25(18), 4060. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184060
Sarita, I. D. A. A. D. Subrata, I. M., Sumaryani, N. P., Rai, I. G. A. (2021). Identification of types of seaweed found in the natural ecosystem of Nusa Pedida waters [Identifikasi jenis rumput laut yang terdapat pada ekosistem alami Perairan Nusa Penida]. Jurnal Edukasi Matematika dan Sains, 10(1), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4692118
Shakeel, F., Widiawati, Y., Asmairicen, S., Purnomoadi, A., Herliatika, A., Anggraeny, Y. N., ... & Irfan, S. (2024). The effect of the dried Gracilaria spp. undergoing different drying methods on in vitro rumen fermentation. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 69(11), 441-449. https://doi.org/10.17221/75/2024-CJAS
Supriyantini, E., Soenardjo, N., Santosa, G. W., Ridlo, A., Sedjati, S., & Ambariyanto, A. (2018). Effectiveness and efficiency of the red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as biofilter in Pb absorption in seawater. AACL Bioflux, 11(3), 877–883. https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2018.877-883.pdf
Sutomo, S., Hasanah, N., Arnida, A., Sriyono, A. (2021). Standardization of Simplicia and Matoa Leaf Extract (Pometia pinnata JR Forst & G. Forst) from South Kalimantan. [Standardisasi Simplisia dan Ekstrak Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R Forst & G. Forst) Asal Kalimantan Selatan]. Jurnal Pharmascience, 8(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v8i1.10275
Syafaat, M. A., Rukmana, R., Masri, M., Latif, U. T. A., & Dirhamzah, D. (2024). Analysis of heavy metal levels in red algae (Gracilaria sp) in the Larea-rea Port Area, North Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency. Analysis of heavy metal levels in red algae (Gracilaria sp) in the Larea-rea Port Area, North Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency. [Analisis kadar logam berat pada alga merah (Gracilaria sp) di Area Pelabuhan Larea-rea Kecamatan Sinjai Utara Kabupaten Sinjai]. Filogeni: Jurnal Mahasiswa Biologi, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.24252/filogeni.v4i2.45677
Torres-Narváez, A., Olvera-Ramírez, A. M., Castaño-Sánchez, K., Chávez-Servín, J. L., Reis de Souza, T. C., McEwan, N. R., & Ferriz-Martínez, R. A. (2025). Therapeutic and Nutraceutical Potential of Sargassum Species: A Narrative Review. Marine Drugs, 23(9), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090343
Virginia, S., & Ariyanti, D. (2024). Potential Content of Secondary Metabolite Metalib Concili Sarasylaria Salicornia as Candidate for Anti-aging Cosmetics in Silico [Potensi kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder alga merah Gracilaria salicornia sebagai kandidat bahan kosmetik anti-aging secara in silico]. Journal of Life Science and Technology, 2024(1), 54–63.
Wang, L., Cui, Y. R., Oh, S., Paik, M. J., Je, J. G., Heo, J. H., ... & Jeon, Y. J. (2022). Arsenic removal from the popular edible seaweed Sargassum fusiforme by sequential processing involving hot water, citric acid, and fermentation. Chemosphere, 292, 133409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133409
Yanuarti, R., Nurjanah, Anwar, E., & Pratama, G. (2017). Ultraviolet Ray-blocking Compound Content from Eucheuma cottonii and Turbinaria conoides Seaweed Extracts [Kandungan senyawa penangkal sinar ultra violet dari ekstrak rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii dan Turbinaria conoides]. Biosfera, 34(2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.2.467
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Sustainable Biome and Life Care
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
